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Background: It is still unclear whether myocardial ischemia is associated with the change in collateral flow dynamics during myocardial stress in patients with coronary artery disease and coronary collaterals.Methods: Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed by injecting sonicated contrast medium into the right coronary artery (RCA) before and immediately after rapid atrial pacing in 20...
Background: Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is used to evaluate the severity of epicardial and intramyocardial coronary artery disease. Collateral flow to an adjacent compromised myocardial territory may influence the CFR of a specific artery.Methods: To assess the impact of collateral flow on CFR, we measured CFR and assessed perfusion area (PA) with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in right...
Background: Transcardiac leukocyte activation during a brief myocardial ischemia has not been clarified.Methods: We examined the effects of myocardial ischemia on cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood in patients with stable angina. The transcardiac activation of leukocyte to produce cytokines before and during rapid atrial pacing was assessed in 10 patients with...
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