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Macrophages are essential innate immune cells that also regulate local metabolism. Endogenous or exogenous stimuli may polarize macrophages toward phenotypes that serve distinct innate immunological metabolic functions. IFN‐γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) polarizes macrophages toward the M1, or “classically activated” phenotype that participates in defense against intracellular pathogens. IL‐4, IL‐13,...
Impulse oscillometry (IOS) was introduced as an alternative modality to the conventional pulmonary function test (cPFT) to test lung mechanics. The objective of this study is to assess the use of IOS as an alternative, or in conjunction with cPFT, to categorise an obstructive respiratory disorder as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Patients referred to the PFT laboratory, with...
. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. It gives an anti-inflammatory effect under normal physiological conditions. On the other hand, NO is considered as a pro-inflammatory mediator that induces inflammation due to over production in abnormal situations. NO is synthesized and released into the endothelial cells by the help of NOSs that...
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