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The earliest steps of left–right (LR) patterning in Xenopus embryos are driven by biased intracellular transport that ensures a consistently asymmetric localization of maternal ion channels and pumps in the first 2–4 blastomeres. The subsequent differential net efflux of ions by these transporters generates a bioelectrical asymmetry; this LR voltage gradient redistributes small signaling molecules...
Two main classes of models address the earliest steps of left–right patterning: those postulating that asymmetry is initiated via cilia‐driven fluid flow in a multicellular tissue at gastrulation, and those postulating that asymmetry is amplified from intrinsic chirality of individual cells at very early embryonic stages. A recent study revealed that cultured human cells have consistent left–right...
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