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Skepticism toward infant pain characterized much of 20th century research and clinical practice, with infant surgery routinely conducted with minimal or no anesthesia into the 1980s. This paper offers a historical exploration of how this view became common by reviewing and analyzing the experimental infant pain research of the 19th and early 20th centuries that contributed to the development of infant...
The Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) is widely accepted as a measure of infant pain-related distress in known pain-specific contexts. It has clearly shown the ability to distinguish between facial reactivity in no-pain and pain-related situations. The primary purpose of this study was to explore whether NFCS differentiates between pain-related and non-pain-related distress. Two groups of 35 infants...
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