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This study examined how people use verbal route directions given in relative and absolute frames of reference in real-world navigation, particularly differences or similarities in cognitive load posed by the two frames of reference. Participants, Japanese speakers, walked the first set of five routes with relative (or absolute) directions and the second set of five routes with absolute (or relative)...
This study examined the effectiveness of a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based mobile navigation system in comparison to paper maps and direct experience of routes, by focusing on the user's wayfinding behavior and acquired spatial knowledge. Based on information received from one of these three media, participants walked six routes finding the way to goals. Results showed that GPS users traveled...
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