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Transmission lines that are terminated into transformers are applications where the line and transformer cannot be separated by a circuit breaker and are therefore in the same zone of protection. These applications may be addressed with either current differential or line distance protection. In either case the implementation of separate transformer differential protection isolating the protection...
Line distance protection technology has evolved from sound operating principles using phase comparators used in electromechanical relays to the present day relays using microprocessor technology. Initial microprocessor relays used full cycle Discrete Fourier Transformation to extract the fundamental phasors from sampled analog data and apply them in comparator equations to determine impedance reach...
The reliable performance of faulted phase selectors to identify the faulted phase or phases and appropriately block or permit tripping is critical to the application of distance protection. The most difficult fault type to identify correctly is a two-phase-to-ground fault. Incorrect detection methods of this fault type has lead to undesired overreaching and/or tripping for remote two-phase-to-ground...
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