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The equivalent models for external systems used in energy management systems (EMS) are typically suitable for static (load flow) security assessment and do not accurately capture the dynamics associated with inter-area modes. Due to the recent trend in employing on-line dynamic security assessment (DSA) tools, new external equivalents, which can be implemented in the EMS and that can meet both static...
Security limits in both re-structured and vertically integrated power systems are usually derived based on a limited number of off-line system studies using a previously defined portfolio of demand and generation scenarios, which may incur risk in real-time operation as well as driving high electricity prices. This work addresses the existing challenges facing independent system operators to provide...
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