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While evolutionary changes in adult traits during range expansion have been recorded in many species, similar changes in the non‐dispersive larval stage have only rarely been documented. Increased activity in the non‐dispersive larval stage is an important ecologically relevant trait in aquatic communities that may be expected to evolve in the edge populations (i) as a result of the combination of...
Pathogens can increase vulnerability to predation through their harmful effects on hosts. Recently, it was shown that the mere activation of the immune system by pathogens may increase the host's risk of predation. Here, we test whether exposure to non‐pathogenic bacteria also activates the immune system and thereby increases vulnerability to predation.
We exposed Enallagma cyathigerum damselfly larvae...
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