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Colloidal forces between bitumen surfaces in aqueous solutions were measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed a significant impact of solution pH, salinity, calcium and montmorillonite clay addition on both long-range (non-contact) and adhesion (pull-off) forces. Weaker long-range repulsive forces were observed under conditions of lower solution pH, higher salinity and higher...
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of calcium ion and montmorillonite clay on bitumen displacement by an aqueous phase on a glass surface. Upon exposure to an aqueous environment containing calcium ion and clays, a thin coating of bitumen on a glass surface displaced spontaneously in the inward radial direction. The initially circular bitumen disk took the shape of a spherical droplet...
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