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EGR1 and EGR2 are closely related members of an early growth response family of transcription factors, with EGR1 generally considered to be a positive regulator and EGR2 a negative regulator of T cell activation, promoting T cell anergy while decreasing autoimmunity. Here, we have studied the roles of these factors during influenza infection and unexpectedly found that EGR2, but not EGR1, is required...
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has broad actions on T and B cells, but its actions in innate immunity are poorly understood. Here we show that IL-21 induced apoptosis of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) via STAT3 and Bim, and this was inhibited by granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). ChIP-Seq analysis revealed genome-wide binding competition between GM-CSF-induced STAT5 and IL-21-induced...
T helper (Th) cells play critical functions in response to infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases. Upon exposure to an infectious agent or stimulus, different types of Th responses are observed, which influence disease outcome, with differences in responses in different inbred mouse strains as well. To investigate the genetic factors that contribute to such differential immune responses, we...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic hepadnavirus and major human pathogen that causes immune-mediated acute and chronic hepatitis. The immune response to HBV antigens can result in viral clearance by some individuals, or lead to chronic infection and liver disease in others. The age of the individual at the time of infection dictates the likelihood of HBV clearance. We sought mechanisms underpinning...
IL-17, which is preferentially produced by Th17 cells, is important for host defense against pathogens and is also involved in the development of autoimmune and allergic disorders. Antibody (Ab) production was shown to be impaired in IL-17-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-17 may promote B cell activation and direct secretion of Ab. However, the precise role of IL-17 in Ab production by B cells remains...
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