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Micro-generation in its various forms, photovoltaics, micro-wind and micro-CHP to name the primary technologies, is steadily gaining market share and is growing in popularity with energy policy makers. Most installations are connected to existing rather than purpose designed distribution systems, and this is likely to continue for some time. Given that existing networks were not designed with such...
Micro-generations (MGs) have gain increasing awareness among general public, who begin to recognize its potential to reduce their carbon emissions and electricity bills. Their willingness of uptaking local generation technologies is stimulated through capital grant schemes and new regulations imposed on new building stock. Further growth will require the support from both markets and tight and timely...
Embedded generators are expected to play an increasingly important role in future energy supply. They could potentially benefit networks from loss reduction and deferred or delayed investment. Equally, they can increase network investment through inappropriate siting, potentially leading to expensive network upgrading and expansion. This cost/benefit of embedded generator is not reflected by any of...
This paper describes the principle and implementation of a new MW+MVAr-miles based charging methodology for pricing distribution networks. The charging methodology was developed with an aim of reflecting the true cost and benefit of network users, especially embedded generators (EGs). The proposed charging methodology respects the cost to a network due to both real and reactive power, i.e. power factor...
This paper describes the principle and implementation of a new MM+MVAr-Miles based charging methodology to allocate the existing distribution network's annuity cost. The proposed charging methodology separates network facilities' cost due to the respective real and reactive power flows. The costs are then allocated to network users according to their nature (demand or generation) and their power factors...
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