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After SWL treatment, many patients have residual fragments in the kidney or ureter. Fragments ≤4mm have high probability to pass spontaneously and are normally not further treated. The term clinically insignificant residual fragment (CIRF) has been established for these stones. However, this term is still controversial, as persisting fragments might be important risk factors for stone growth and recurrence...
Most symptomatic urinary stones are found within the ureter. Depending on stone localisation and size, a substantial portion is able to pass the upper urinary tract spontaneously. This process may take days to weeks and the patient has to receive sufficient analgetic and spasmolytic medication. There is some evidence, that alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade supports expulsion of praevesical stones.Standard...
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