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Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been proposed to improve spectral efficiency [1] [2] [3] in radio, by creating multiple sub-channels of communications corresponding to the twisting degree of the electromagnetic (EM) wave. Whereas the phase of a usual plane wave is constant on the wavefront, the phase α of OAM waves undergoes a linear variation along the angular coordinate φ (roll angle): α = ℓ...
It is known that the static magnetic field of a Hall thruster remains unchanged with the product of coil current and coil turn kept constant. This is called the ampere‐turns equivalence principle, which is used in the static magnetic field design of Hall thrusters. It is found that the discharge characteristic is different with the same static magnetic field which is formed by the same ampere‐turns...
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