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This paper presents a medical image cipher with hierarchical diffusion and non-sequential encryption mechanism. An improved permutation approach is developed, which can contribute to not only image shuffling but also lightweight pixel modification at the same time. Therefore, diffusion property of the proposed scheme is achieved from both the permutation and diffusion phases, and hierarchical diffusion...
In this paper, we evaluate the security of an image cipher recently proposed. Three different cryptographic primitives, i.e., permutation, diffusion, and cyclic rotation, were integrated in this cipher so as to obtain a satisfactory security performance within a single encryption round. It is found that the equivalent key stream elements can be derived under chosen-plaintext attack. Both mathematical...
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