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This work investigated the transportation and recombination mechanisms of carriers in organic photovoltaic by using calcium (Ca 10 to 50 nm) as the Electron Transportation Layer (ETL). Compared with the sample without ETL layer, the Fermi Energy Level (EF) moved at least 0.4 eV towards the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbit (LUMO) of P3HT after Ca was inserted. Ca–S bonds at the interface resulted...
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