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Transcription initiation involves the conversion from closed promoter complexes, comprising RNA polymerase (RNAP) and double-stranded promoter DNA, to open complexes, in which the enzyme is able to access the DNA template in a single-stranded form. The complex between bacterial RNAP and its major variant sigma factor σ 54 remains as a closed complex until ATP hydrolysis-dependent remodeling...
An ATP-dependent protease, FtsH, digests misassembled membrane proteins in order to maintain membrane integrity and digests short-lived soluble proteins in order to control their cellular regulation. This enzyme has an N-terminal transmembrane segment and a C-terminal cytosolic region consisting of an AAA + ATPase domain and a protease domain. Here we present two crystal structures: the protease...
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