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There have been multiple separate outbreaks of Bluetongue (BT) disease of ruminants in Europe since 1998, often entering via the Mediterranean countries of Italy, Spain and Greece. BT is caused by an orbivirus, Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the family Reoviridae. BTV is a non-enveloped double-capsid virus, which encodes 7 structural proteins (VP1-VP7) and several non-structural proteins (NS1,...
Once thought largely restricted to India and Africa, the insect-borne livestock pathogen Bluetongue virus is now present on every continent with the exception of Antarctica. Outbreaks of the disease caused by the virus in Europe over the last decade, and the resulting impact on trade and agriculture, have focussed attention on the production of safe and effective vaccines. The determinants of protection...
During 1993, outbreaks of Newcastle disease occurred on many farms in Tamilnadu, India. Six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from the chickens on five different farms and from the birds on one duck farm during outbreaks of the disease. All the isolates were characterized as velogenic, based on the mean death time, intravenous pathogenicity index, intracerebral pathogenicity index...
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