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Two strontium lattice clocks, one in Japan and the other in Germany were directly compared by a two-way satellite frequency transfer technique that utilizes the carrier phase of the transmitted signal. The comparison has resulted in a fractional difference of 1.1(1.6)×10−15, directly confirming the frequency agreement on an intercontinental scale.
Clocks based on ultra-narrow optical transitions of single ions or atom ensembles are today's most stable frequency standards and, moreover, their accuracy has surpassed that of microwave clocks [1,2]. Therefore, to test these clocks and also for applications like the search for variations of fundamental constants [3] it is necessary to compare these optical clocks at the best possible level, i.e...
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