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Background Systemic inflammation may contribute to cachexia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this longitudinal study we assessed the association between circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 levels and subsequent loss of fat free mass and fat mass in more than 400 COPD patients over three years. Methods...
When maximal V O2 (V O2 MAX) is limited by O 2 supply, it is generally thought that cardiac output (Qt) is mostly responsible, but other O 2 transport conductances [ventilation (Va); [Hb]; pulmonary (Dl O2 ) and muscle (Dm O2 ) diffusion capacities] may also influence V O2 MAX. A numerical analysis interactively linking...
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