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In this paper, the air breakdown problem encountered with high-power microwave operation is modeled using a fully coupled nonlinear Newton scheme in the time domain. As a highly nonlinear process, the air breakdown is resulted from the complicated electromagnetic–plasma interactions, which can be described by a coupled system where Maxwell’s equations govern the electromagnetic fields, and a simplified...
As a dominant physical mechanism in the highly complicated nonlinear interaction between high-power electromagnetic (EM) fields and plasmas at microwave frequencies, the ionization-diffusion mechanism results in a plasma front with an extremely high density gradient. To capture such a high density gradient and the resulting highly localized secondary EM fields, a numerical method with a high spatial...
Multiphysics modeling and simulation have a wide range of application in science and engineering. This paper discusses some challenges for computational electromagnetics in the modeling and simulation of multiphysics problems that involve the interaction between electromagnetic fields and other physical phenomena.
The high-power microwave (HPM) breakdown in air would result in a sharp increase of the number density of the plasma, which generates strong secondary electromagnetic (EM) fields that can cancel the incident fields and act like a macroscopic plasma shield. If such an air breakdown takes place in a HPM device, it will result in the so-called tail erosion and severely limit the performance of the device...
Rapid plasma formation and evolution during high-power microwave (HPM) air breakdown in an HPM device produce a macroscopic plasma shield to the microwave transmission, which can severely limit the performance of the device. In this paper, the electromagnetic (EM)–plasma interaction and the HPM breakdown in air are modeled by a nonlinearly coupled full-wave Maxwell and plasma fluid system under conditions...
A high power microwave (HPM) device can be damaged in a high-power environment due to an air or dielectric breakdown inside the HPM device or on the output window. Such a breakdown process can be modeled using either a simple nonlinear conductivity model or a plasma fluid model. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear time-domain finite element formulation in combination with a Newton method to solve...
In this paper, the time-domain finite element method (TDFEM) is employed to analyze the high power breakdown in air. During the breakdown process, the motion of free electrons generates plasma currents, which produce secondary fields that couple back into the externally applied fields and interact with the free electrons. Such a breakdown process can be described by a coupled electromagnetic-plasma...
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