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Endogenous peptide hormones represent an essential class of biomolecules, which regulate cell–cell communications in diverse physiological processes of organisms. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed to be a powerful technology for identifying and quantifying peptides in a highly efficient manner. However, it is difficult to directly identify these peptide hormones due to their diverse characteristics,...
The rapidly advancing capabilities in nanophotonic design are enabling complex functionalities limited mainly by physical bounds. The efficiency of transmission is a major consideration, but its ultimate limit remains unknown for most systems. This study introduces a matrix formalism that puts a fundamental bound on the channel‐averaged transmission efficiency of any passive multi‐channel optical...