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We demonstrated a novel fabrication technique of 3-D biobattery packs by folding or stacking 2-D paper-based biobatteries for their series and/or parallel connections. A stackable, high-performance bacteria-powered battery was developed by folding two functional components (i.e. a conductive hydrophilic reservoir as an anode and a solid electron acceptor as a cathode) integrated into a single sheet...
We developed a paper-based self-powered sensor patch for detecting glucose levels in sweat. This wearable, non-invasive biosensor made use of the integration of a vertically stacked paper-based glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell into a standard Band-Aid patch. The paper-based device, attached directly to human skin, wicked sweat from human skin and monitored an electrochemical energy conversion as...
We created a paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) which generated power from human saliva. Upon adding one drop of saliva, the dried exoelectrogens, pre-inoculated in a conductive paper reservoir of the MFC, activated their respiration by oxidizing organic substrates (e.g. glucose) in the saliva and transferring electrons to the anode. The device generated the maximum current density of 10.5μΑ/cm...
We report a novel microscale biophotovoltaic device that can release biological photo-energy conversion technology from its restriction to conceptual research, and advance its translational potential toward practical, real-world applications. The device performance was substantially improved in an engineered microfluidic device by (i) using composite graphite/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) anodic...
We created a 9-cell biobattery stack on paper, which was capable of generating bio-power from microbial metabolism, delivering on-board energy to the next generation of paper-based systems. The developed biobattery stack has competitive advantages over other paper-based batteries in resource-limited and remote regions because water in every environment generally hosts various microorganisms that can...
We demonstrate an electrically conductive paper-based screening platform for the high-throughput and rapid characterization of the electricity-producing capability of microorganisms. This novel screening sensor substantially improved the device fabrication, sensitivity, reliability, and scalability by simply patterning hydrophilic reservoirs in paper with hydrophobic wax boundaries and adding water-dispersed...
In this work, we report paper-based microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that produce high power and current densities from one drop of bacteria-containing liquid. The devices feature (i) a simple and versatile fabrication technique by using paper as a substrate and (ii) an exceptional performance by incorporating novel nanostructured polymers, PAA-Poly (amic) acid) and PPDD-Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-p-phenylene...
We demonstrate the use of a paper-based sensing platform for rapid and high-throughput characterization of microbial electricity-generating capabilities. For the first time, a 48-well microbial fuel cell (MFC) array was fabricated on paper substrates, providing 48 high-throughput measurements and highly comparable performance characteristics in a reliable manner. Spatially distinct 48 wells of the...
We report a microliter-sized (140 µL) microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor integrated with a three-electrode configuration and an air-bubble trap, in which microorganisms act as the sensor for toxic substances in water. The small-scale MFC biosensor produced favorable conditions for (i) reducing measurement time by increasing the probability of cell attachment and biofilm formation in the micro-sized...
We report a paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) generating a maximum power of 5.5 μW/cm2. The MFC features (1) a paper-based proton exchange membrane by infiltrating sulfonated sodium polystyrene sulfonate and (2) micro-fabricated paper chambers by patterning hydrophobic barriers of photoresist. Once a sample was added to the device, a current of 74 μA generated without any startup time. This paper-based...
We report an array of three microliter-sized microbial fuel cells (MFC) that can produce 100 μW. Individual MFCs were integrated on two sandwiched glass slides, and had two 50 μL-sized chambers each (Geobactor sp. in the anode, ferricyanide in the cathode chambers, respectively) separated by a cation exchange membrane (CEM). The three MFCs were formed in a series array to produce 1.8 V at the maximum...
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