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At present, some training tools for endoscopic surgery have been commercialized such as box simulator and virtual training simulator. These training tools enable a trainee to practice various operation without any risks of a patient and have been utilized by unskilled surgeons in medical institutions. However, more effective training environments have been required by the doctors who engage in medical...
Endoscopic surgery is one of minimally invasive medical treatments, which reduces both physical and mental burdens of a patient than conventional abdominal operations. At present, a variety of training environments for endoscopic surgery, such as a dry box, a virtual reality (VR) simulator, and an animal experiment have been prepared to cultivate certifying physicians of endoscopic surgery. Even now,...
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