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Modern cyclotron technology employs negative hydrogen (H−) ion acceleration and positive hydrogen (H+) ion (proton) extraction using a carbon foil, which strips two electrons. The stripping efficiency depends on the thickness of the carbon foils. Typically, a 100-µg/cm2 carbon foil extracting 30-MeV protons at beam currents up to 250 µ A has a lifetime of ∼120 h (∼30,000 µAh accumulated current)....
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