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To facilitate correctness and safety of mission-critical automation systems, formal methods should be applied in addition to simulation and testing. One of such formal methods is model checking, which is capable of verifying complex requirements for the system's model. If both the controller and the controlled plant are formally modeled, then the variant of this technique called closed-loop model...
Cyber-physical agnosticism (CPA) is a property of software in cyber-physical systems (CPS) to withstand various disturbances and keep maintaining the required behaviour of the physical process. With the increased research on the use of internet of things (IoT) in industrial automation (IoT-A), there is a need for robust distributed automation control systems that can take into account some overheads...
In some fields of industrial automation, such as nuclear power plant (NPP) industry in Finland, thorough verification of systems and demonstration of their safety are mandatory. Model checking is one of the techniques to achieve a high level of reliability. The goal of this paper is practical: we explore which type of model checking — either explicit-state or symbolic — is more suitable to verify...
Closed-loop model checking, a formal verification technique for industrial automation systems, increases the richness of specifications to be checked and reduces the state space to be verified compared to the open-loop case. To be applied, it needs the controller and the plant formal models to be coupled. There are approaches for controller synthesis, but little has been done regarding plant model...
Engineering and computer science have come up with a variety of techniques to increase the confidence in systems, increase reliability, facilitate certification, improve reuse and maintainability, improve interoperability and portability. Among them are various techniques based on formal models to enhance testing, validation and verification. In this paper, we are concentrating on formal verification...
Formal methods - such as model checking - have definite advantages over more commonplace verification techniques. By providing proof of the analyzed systems' correctness, they are especially useful in domains that are under regulatory supervision, like the nuclear industry. The foremost challenge for wider adoption of model checking is the effort and the expertise required for formalizing functional...
Formal methods and languages are used to prove the correctness of various industrial systems, especially mission-critical ones. They can also be viewed as a means to provide safety and correctness demonstration to the stakeholders of such systems. In domains such as nuclear power plant engineering, the benefits from structured safety evidences would seem obvious. However, most stakeholders in nuclear...
Closed-loop model checking, a formal verification technique for industrial automation systems, increases the richness of specifications to be checked and often helps to reduce size of the state space to be verified compared with the open-loop case. To be applied, it needs two components — the controller and the plant models — to be coupled. While there are approaches for obtaining controller models...
The IEC 61499 standard has become one of the key approaches to building distributed component-based control systems in industrial automation. The problem of adoption of this standard in industrial practice is often associated with incompletely defined semantics of functional blocks (FB), which are main design artifacts of the standard. In this paper we propose formal (operational) semantics of IEC...
This paper proposes a framework for formal verification of industrial automation software in an intuitive way. The IEC 61499 function block architecture is assumed to be the input language, and the Intelligent Mechatronic Components (IMC) architecture is assumed as an underlying design pattern for the applications, which implies autonomous control logic in each IMC and their compositions to systems...
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