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This paper proposes an approach to model switched Ethernet communication within a model- and component-based software development framework for vehicular distributed embedded systems. The paper also presents a method to extract the network timing model from the systems that use switched Ethernet networks. In order to provide a proof of concept, an existing industrial component model and its tool suite,...
Support for exclusive access to shared (global) resources is instrumental in the context of embedded real-time multi-core systems, and mechanisms for achieving such access must be deterministic and efficient. There exist two traditional approaches for multiprocessors when a task requests a global resource that is locked by a task on a remote core: a spin-based approach, i.e. non-preemptive busy waiting...
The ability of reconfiguring a system during runtime is essential for dynamic real-time applications in which resource usage is traded online for quality of service. The HaRTES switch, which is a modified Ethernet switch, holds this ability for the network resource, and at the same time it provides hard real-time support for both periodic and sporadic traffic. Although the HaRTES switch technologically...
Semi-partitioned scheduling is a resource efficient scheduling approach compared to the conventional multiprocessor scheduling approaches in terms of system utilization and migration overhead. Semi-partitioned scheduling can better utilize processor bandwidth compared to the partitioned scheduling while introducing less overhead compared to the global scheduling. Various techniques have been proposed...
Complexity in the real-time embedded software domain has been growing rapidly. The component-based software development approach facilitates the development process of such software systems by dividing a complex system into a number of simpler components. Resource reservation techniques have been widely used for providing resources to real-time software components. In this paper we target real-time...
For resource-constrained embedded real-time systems, resource-efficient approaches are very important. Such an approach is presented in this paper, targeting systems where a critical application is partitioned on a multi-core platform and the remaining capacity on each core is provided to a noncritical application using resource reservation techniques. To exploit the potential parallelism of the non-critical...
Resource efficient approaches are of great importance for resource constrained embedded systems. In this paper, we present an approach targeting systems where tasks of a critical application are partitioned on a multi-core platform and by using resource reservation techniques, the remaining bandwidth capacity on each core is utilized for one or a set of non-critical application(s). To provide a resource...
Fixed Priority Scheduling (FPS) is the de facto standard in industry and it is the scheduling algorithm used in OSEK/AUTOSAR. Applications in such systems are compositions of so-called runnables, the functional entities of the system. Runnables are mapped to operating system tasks during system synthesis. In order to improve system performance it is proposed to execute runnables non-preemptively while...
In this paper, we compare and survey different ways to model the scheduling delays corresponding to non-preemptive critical sections being executed by the tasks of different components that ultimately need to share one processor. We focus on the performance of compositional timing analyses for systems and we compare different protocols for the arbitration of tasks that wish to execute critical sections...
On-the-fly adaptability and reconfigurability are recently becoming an interest in real-time communications. To assure a continued real-time behavior, the admission control with a quality-of-service mechanism is required, that screen all adaptation and reconfiguration requests. In the context of switched Ethernet networks, the FTT-SE protocol provides adaptive real-time communication. Recently, we...
In the context of switched Ethernet networks, multi-hop communication is essential as the networks in industrial applications comprise a high amount of nodes, that is far beyond the capability of a single switch. In this paper, we focus on multi-hop communication using HaRTES switches. The HaRTES switch is a modified Ethernet switch that provides real-time traffic scheduling, dynamic Quality-of-Service...
Various approaches can be utilized upon resource locking for mutually exclusive resource access in multiprocessor platforms. So far two conventional approaches exist for dealing with tasks that are blocked on a global resource in a multi-processor platform. Either the blocked task performs a busy wait, i.e. spins, at the highest priority level until the resource is released, or it is suspended. Although...
The interest to use Switched Ethernet technologies in real-time communication is increasing due to its absence of collisions when transmitting messages. Nevertheless, using COTS switches affect the timeliness guarantee inherent in potentially overflowing internal FIFO queues. In this paper we focus on a solution, called the FTT-SE protocol, which is developed based on a master-slave technique. Recently,...
There is an increasing trend towards using switched Ethernet in real-time distributed systems due to features like absence of collisions and high throughput. Nevertheless, a few problems persist, in particular related to priority inversion and limited length in queues. In this paper we focus on a protocol which uses a master-slave technique over standard switched Ethernet in order to overcome such...
Semi-partitioned scheduling has become the subject of recent interest for multiprocessors due to better utilization results, compared to conventional global and partitioned scheduling algorithms. Under semi-partitioned scheduling, a major group of tasks are assigned to fixed processors while a low number of tasks are allocated to more than one processor. Various task assigning techniques have recently...
Hierarchical scheduling is instrumental to efficiently deploy component-based designs and achieve composability. It allows partitioning resources into multiple levels, hiding the complexity within each partition behind its respective interface. In this paper we focus on the network resource, particularly on Ethernet using ordinary COTS switches, and we show how hierarchical scheduling can be efficiently...
Semi-partitioned scheduling has been the subject of recent interest, compared with conventional global and partitioned scheduling algorithms for multiprocessors, due to better utilization results. In semi-partitioned scheduling most tasks are assigned to fixed processors while a low number of tasks are split up and allocated to different processors. Various techniques have recently been proposed to...
Ethernet switches are increasingly used in real-time distributed systems as a technical solution to guarantee the timeliness in communications. However, there are still limitations related to real-time behavior caused by the limited number of priority levels and the possibility of memory overruns with consequent message losses. These limitations can be eliminated using a master/slave technique such...
Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) comprise the integration of embedded computer systems and the physical processes that these computer systems interact with. Examples of such systems stretch from small embedded devices, e.g., intelligent sensor systems, to larger and often complex industrial systems, e.g., industrial automation systems. These systems are not only subject to functional requirements, but...
In this paper we propose a synchronization protocol for resource sharing among independently-developed real-time systems on multi-core platforms. The systems may use different scheduling policies and they may have their own local priority settings. Each system is allocated on a dedicated processor (core). In the proposed synchronization protocol, each system is abstracted by an interface which abstracts...
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