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Fiber and penton base overproduced in adenovirus (Ad) infected cells can be secreted prior to progeny release and thereby regulate progeny spread. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of fiber and penton base secretion in Ad2- or Ad5-infected A549 cells. Our flow cytometry analyses detected abundant surface fiber molecules, but little penton base molecules at 12h post infection. Immunogold staining...
The skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be the first defender to encounter incoming viruses and likely play a role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) early infection. In the current study, following the demonstration of JEV productive infection in DCs, we revealed that the interaction between JEV envelope glycoprotein (E glycoprotein) and DC-SIGN was important for such infection as...
Molecular epidemiologic studies of North American (NA) West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) have documented the displacement of the introduced NY99 genotype with WN02. In addition, these studies have shown that particular substitutions are under positive selection. One occurs in the C-terminus of the NS4A coding sequence and results in a valine to methionine substitution at position nine...
We report a RNA species of 429 nucleotides derived from the 3′ untranslated region of the viral genome in Dengue 2 virus (DENV-2) infected cells. The 3′ terminal of viral RNA contained specific conserved structures that are important for the production of subgenomic RNA. Transient replicon assays suggested that loss of this small RNA has little effect on viral replication, and genetic analysis using...
Most RNA viruses exist in their hosts as a heterogeneous population of related variants. Due to error prone replication, mutants are constantly generated which may differ in individual fitness from the population as a whole. Here we characterize three WNV isolates that contain, along with full-length genomes, mutants with large internal deletions to structural and nonstructural protein-coding regions...
We report a genetic interplay among three pairs of long-distance RNA interactions that are involved in West Nile virus (WNV) genome cyclization and replication: 5′CS/3′CSI (conserved sequence), 5′UAR/3′UAR (upstream AUG region), and 5′DAR/3′DAR (downstream AUG region). Deletion of the complete 3′CSI element is lethal for WNV replication, but the replication of the 3′CSI deletion virus could be rescued...
West Nile virus is similar to most other RNA viruses in that it exists in nature as a genetically diverse population. However, the role of this genetic diversity within natural transmission cycles and its importance to virus perpetuation remain poorly understood. Therefore, we determined whether highly genetically diverse populations are more fit compared to less genetically diverse WNV populations...
Many, but not all, strains of West Nile virus (WNV) contain a single N-linked glycosylation site on their envelope (E) proteins. Previous studies have shown that E-glycosylated strains are more neuroinvasive in mice than non-glycosylated strains. E protein glycosylation also appears to play a role in attachment and entry of WNV into host cells in vitro; however, studies examining how E protein glycosylation...
Lycorine potently inhibits flaviviruses in cell culture. At 1.2-μM concentration, lycorine reduced viral titers of West Nile (WNV), dengue, and yellow fever viruses by 10 2 - to 10 4 -fold. However, the compound did not inhibit an alphavirus (Western equine encephalitis virus) or a rhabdovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus), indicating a selective antiviral spectrum. The compound exerts...
West Nile virus (WNV) genome cyclization is mediated by two pairs of long-distance RNA/RNA interactions: the 5′CS/3′CSI (conserved sequence) and the 5′UAR/3′UAR (upstream AUG region) base pairings. Antisense peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs), designed to interfere with the 5′CS/3′CSI or 5′UAR/3′UAR base pairings, were previously shown to inhibit WNV. In this study,...
Genome cyclization is essential for flavivirus replication. We used RNases to probe the structures formed by the 5′-terminal 190 nucleotides and the 3′-terminal 111 nucleotides of the West Nile virus (WNV) genomic RNA. When analyzed individually, the two RNAs adopt stem-loop structures as predicted by the thermodynamic-folding program. However, when mixed together, the two RNAs form a duplex that...
West Nile virus (WNV) genome cyclization and replication require two pairs of long-distance RNA interactions. Besides the previously reported 5′CS/3′CSI (conserved sequence) interaction, a 5′UAR/3′UAR (upstream AUG region) interaction also contributes to genome cyclization and replication. WNVs containing mutant 5′UARs capable of forming the 5′/3′ viral RNA interaction were replicative. In contrast,...
The complete genome sequence of the Liaoning isolate of the Antheraea pernyi multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeMNPV) was determined. The viral genome size is 126,246 bp, relatively GC-rich (53.5% G+C), with 145 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) of more than 50 amino acids, accounting for more than 97% of the genome. 97% of the ORFs have predicted functions or homologues in other baculoviruses...
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