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Two types of volume integral equations are applied to solve electromagnetic scattering by inhomogeneous dielectric objects. The first one is the classical volume integral equation involving the electric flux density as unknown (D-formulation). This equation is discretized using Galerkin's method and divergence conforming basis function. The volume integral equation can also be written for the electric...
A broadband multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is presented based on the plane wave expansions for all translations on all division levels. For the out-to-in translation on the superwavelength levels we use the Rokhlin translator, and the exponential translator for the subwavelength levels. On those levels we also use a novel representation method for the far field and incoming wave patterns...
A new method is developed to model the volume backscattering from dry snow. The model is a combination of the exact field approach and zeroth order vector radiative transfer theory. The field approach is used to define the scattering characteristics in a single almost indefinite small snow volume unit and the calculation is realized with discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The radiative transfer...
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