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Autophagy is a burgeoning area of research from yeast to humans. Although previously described as a death pathway, autophagy is now considered an important survival phenomenon in response to environmental stressors to which most organs are exposed.Despite an ever expanding literature in non-placental cells, studies of autophagy in the placenta are lagging. We review the regulation of autophagy, summarize...
Oxygen is necessary for life yet too much or too little oxygen is toxic to cells. The oxygen tension in the maternal plasma bathing placental villi is <20mmHg until 10–12 weeks’ gestation, rising to 40–80mmHg and remaining in this range throughout the second and third trimesters. Maldevelopment of the maternal spiral arteries in the first trimester predisposes to placental dysfunction and sub-optimal...
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