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Artificial magnetic dipole arrays arranged on a square lattice exhibit a fascinating variety and complexity of configurations. Among the 16 possible configurations, six fulfill the spin ice rule of two dipoles pointing into a vertex and two point out. We present experimental realizations of magnetic dipole arrays and discuss the remanent state as well as the magnetization reversal in an external field.
In recent years magnetic tunnel junctions have been intensively studied and incorporated in magnetic random access memory devices and magnetic sensors, where large tunnelling magnetoresistance ratios are preferred. The largest tunnelling magnetoresistance values until now have been observed in magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO barriers and CoFeB electrodes after annealing of the junction above the...
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