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The micro-tribological properties of hydroxyapatite-based composites sliding against alumina balls were investigated by a ball-on-block tribometer. Surface properties of the HA-based composites were measured and examined by using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Running-in behavior during sliding tests was studied as a function of surface properties. The effects of copper...
The bond pad metallization in the bond pad over active (BPOA) structure as well as interconnection lines in the device are shifting from aluminum to copper in recent years, because copper has better mechanical property and improved electrical conductivity compared with Al. In order to prevent copper oxidization, two extra thin layers of Ni and Au are added above the copper pad. With this structure,...
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