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4D Printing
Stiff, electrically controlled morphing structures are built by 4D printing new heterogeneous multiscale polymer composites. This enables active autonomous 3D structures with self‐sensing actuation and unprecedented levels of actuation stress and specific force. Integrating these materials with lattice designs enables large scale complex 3D surfaces that are load‐bearing, culminating in...
4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern stimuli‐responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth dimension. However, current materials utilized for 4D printing are typically soft, exhibiting an elastic modulus (E) range of 10−4 to 10 MPa during shape change. This restricts the scalability, actuation stress, and load‐bearing...