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The effectiveness of incoherent averaging depends on the level of correlation between consecutive waveforms, which can vary with the geometry and with the sea state conditions. In addition it is also dependent on the lag position, since the level of correlation is not the same for all the lags. An initial estimation of the lag correlation can be done by means the ratio (R) between the actual number...
For a given geometry, the coherence time of a GNSS-R waveform can be initially related to the significant wave height. However, when the coherence time is analyzed, several issues shall be considered, such as the geometry (i.e altitude, elevation angle). This work presents a review of the coherence time and its dependence on the geometry. In addition, the impact that the SWH has on both the coherence...
Typhoon motoring using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals is a new application of the GNSS-R technique, with increasing interest in the last years. Examples of that can be the CYGNSS (Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System) spaceborne mission proposed by NASA, or the TIGRIS (Typhoon Investigation using GNSS-R Interferometric Signals) experiment, conducted in the framework of ESA-China...
Earth-reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have become an attractive tool to be employed in low-Earth-orbit spaceborne missions, for applications such as ocean mesoscale altimetry and scatterometry. For such techniques, several on-board processing strategies have been proposed, either based on the correlation with on-board generated signal or based on ‘blind’ interferometric processing,...
Reflectometry using Global Navigation Satellite System's signals of opportunity (GNSS-R) was originally conceived for mesoscale altimetry [1], although its applicability to sea state determination, soil moisture, vegetation, snow monitoring… has already been demonstrated. In December 2012 the Phase A studies of ESA's PAssive Reflectometry and Interferometry System In-orbit Demonstration (PARIS IoD)...
Reflectometry using Global Navigation Satellite System's (GNSS) opportunity signals was originally conceived for altimetry [1]. However, when the GNSS signals scatter over the Earth's surface (or propagates through the atmosphere), the amplitude and polarization characteristics change, which can be used for many other remote sensing applications such as sea state, water level, soil moisture, vegetation...
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