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Vertebrate laterality, which is manifested by asymmetrically placed organs [1], depends on asymmetric activation of the Nodal signaling cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm [2]. In fish, amphibians, and mammals, a cilia-driven leftward flow of extracellular fluid acts upstream of the Nodal cascade [3–6]. The direct target of flow has remained elusive. In Xenopus, flow occurs at the gastrocoel...
Determination of the vertebrate left-right body axis during embryogenesis results in asymmetric development and placement of most inner organs [1, 2]. Although the asymmetric Nodal cascade is conserved in all vertebrates, the mechanism of symmetry breakage has remained controversial [3]. In mammalian and fish embryos, a cilia-driven leftward flow of extracellular fluid is required for initiation of...
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