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The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become increasingly concerning due to its role in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. Transmission of AIV to mammals, including pigs and humans, has accelerated efforts to devise preventive strategies. To develop an effective oral vaccine against H9N2 AIV, a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 strain expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of HBV infection and carcinogenesis have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that cyclin D2 was upregualted in HBV-expressing cells and liver tissues of HBV-transgenic mice. Gene silencing of cyclin D2 inhibited HBV DNA replicative intermediates, 3.5kb mRNA, core protein level,...
Since the eradication of Smallpox, researchers have attempted to study Orthopoxvirus pathogenesis and immunity in animal models in order to correlate results human smallpox. A solely human pathogen, Orthopoxvirus variola fails to produce authentic smallpox illness in any other animal species tested to date. In 2003, an outbreak in the USA of Orthopoxvirus monkeypox, revealed the susceptibility of...
Infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian (HPAI) and 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses cause uncontrolled local and systemic inflammation. The mechanism for this response is poorly understood, despite its importance as a determinant of virulence. Therefore we profiled cellular microRNAs of lung tissue from cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected with a HPAI and a less pathogenic 1918...
The significance of TLR expression and Tregs in HBV infection has not been clearly described. In this report, flow cytometry was performed to assess TLR2/4 expression on monocytes and circulating CD4 + CD25 + CD127 low/− Tregs frequency of 16 acute hepatitis B (AHB), 42 chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 22 asymptomatic HBV carriers (AsC), and 20 normal controls (NC). We found that...
The pathogenicity of the primate lentiviruses, human, and simian immunodeficiency viruses, is host-specific. Previous studies indicated that the highly pathogenic human lentivirus HIV-1 has markedly reduced pathogenicity compared to the pathogenic simian lentivirus SIV in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina). We therefore hypothesized that the pigtail macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mPBMCs)...
It has previously been shown in macaques that individual animals exhibit varying responses to challenge with the same strain of SIV. We attempted to elucidate these differences using functional genomics and correlate them to biological response. Unfractionated PBMC from three rhesus macaques were isolated, activated, and infected with SIVmac239. Interestingly, one of the three animals used for these...
This report completes a preliminary analysis of the sequence of the 330,740-bp chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome, the largest virus genome to be sequenced to date. The PBCV-1 genome is 57% the size of the genome from the smallest self-replicating organism,Mycoplasma genitalium.Analysis of 74 kb of newly sequenced DNA, from the right terminus of the PBCV-1 genome, revealed 153 open reading frames (ORFs)...
Analysis of 76 kb of newly sequenced DNA, located between map positions 182 and 258 kb in the 330-kb chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome, revealed 175 open reading frames (ORFs) of 65 codons or longer. One hundred and five of these 175 ORFs were considered major ORFs. Twenty-one of the 105 major ORFs resembled proteins in databases including ribonucleotide reductase small subunit, RNase III, thioredoxin,...
Analysis of 94 kb of DNA, located between map positions 88 and 182 kb in the 330-kb chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome, revealed 195 open reading frames (ORFs) 65 codons or longer. One hundred and five of the 195 ORFs were considered major ORFs. Twenty-six of the 105 major ORFs resembled genes in the databases including three chitinases, a chitosanase, three serine/threonine protein kinases, two additional...
Forty-three kb of DNA, located at the left end (45 to 88 kb) of the 330-kb Chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome, was sequenced and analyzed. Eighty-six open reading frames (ORFs) 65 codons or longer were identified; 47 were classified as major ORFs. These 47 major ORFs are densely packed on both strands of PBCV-1 DNA. Seventeen of these major ORFs resemble genes in the sequence databases, including three...
Forty-five kilobases of DNA, including the previously sequenced 2.2-kb inverted repeat region, located at the left terminiof the 330-kb Chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome were sequenced and analyzed. Eighty-five complete open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 195 nucleotides were identified. Thirty-seven of the 85 ORFs, which are densely packed on both strands of the DNA, were considered major ORFs. Fifteen...
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