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The voluntary participation mechanism has been demonstrated as a natural extension to promote the cooperative behavior in evolutionary games. Apart from the cooperator strategy and defector strategy in the original Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG), players can choose the additional loner strategy to refuse to participate and get some small but fixed income Q. We allow for voluntary participation in the...
In this paper, we introduced the geographical effect into susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model on a growing network proposed by Xie et al. [Phys. Rev. E 75 (2007) 036106] to investigate the effect of geographical distance on epidemic spreading. In our SIS model, the susceptible individual i can be infected by infectious neighbors with probability θi:θi=1−∏j∈N(i)(1−λj),λj=min(1,λ0×(dij/mink∈N(i)(dik))−β),...
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