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The benthic foraminifer Virgulinella fragilis Grindell and Collen 1976 has multiple putative symbioses with both bacterial and kleptoplast endobionts, possibly aiding its survival in environments from dysoxia (5–45 μmol‐O2/L) to microxia (0–5 μmol‐O2/L) and in the dark. To clarify the origin and function of V. fragilis endobionts, we used genetic analyses and transmission electron microscope observations...
For β-FeSi 2 formation, interdiffusion and silicidation are key processes in order to achieve better crystallinity, orientation and material properties. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the structural analysis and synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-XPS) for the diffusion process analysis are reviewed for the nanoscopic observation through the β-FeSi 2...
Sputter etching (SE) is a suitable treatment of Si surface to synthesize highly oriented β-FeSi 2 films on the substrate, although SE produces amorphous layers in the surface. We have investigated the effect of surface amorphous layer on orientational ordering of formed β-FeSi 2 and the optimum energy of Ne + SE for highly oriented β-FeSi 2 film. The energy ranges from...
Effects of polymer additives on the formation of microfibrils of bacterial cellulose have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. Among additives with different degrees of polymerization (DP) or substitution (DS), carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) with DP = 80 and DS = 0.57 is the most effective in producing separate, smaller-size microfibrils. By increasing the concentration of...
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