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BACKGROUNDTraditional anaerobic bioprocesses have failed to achieve the efficient biotransformation of nitrobenzene. Thus, graphene‐anaerobic sludge composite as a novel biocatalyst was proposed for the enhancement of nitrobenzene biotransformation.
RESULTSReduced graphene oxide/anaerobic sludge (RGO/AS) composite presented good settling performance when graphene oxide (GO) was added into an AS system for 24 h cultivation. The presence of RGO resulted in enhanced nitrobenzene biotransformation by AS, and the highest removal efficiency of nitrobenzene was observed with initial GO (3–5 µm) vs sludge ratio of 0.075 (w/w). Dehydrogenase activity in the RGO/AS system increased approximately 2‐fold over that in the AS system and redox active species appeared in supernatant from the RGO/AS system. The ratio of acetate to propionate increased in the RGO/AS system during glucose fermentation, and nitrobenzene biotransformation by both AS and RGO/AS systems was independent of methanogenesis, but dependent on acetogenesis. Moreover, bound and free extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from RGO/AS composite were involved in direct biotransformation of nitrobenzene, and bound EPS might interact with secreted redox active species to accelerate nitrobenzene biotransformation by extracellular electron transfer...
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