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Qualitative representation and reasoning of combined direction and distance relationships are recognized as one of the promising theoretical themes in 3D GIS which are related to urban information management, planning and services, mining engineering, and so on. The focus of the studies deals with the methodologies on the descriptions of spatial objects and the determinations of their geo-referenced...
Topological relation is invariant under continuous transformations of space, which incarnates the global characteristics of entity. The topological relation is an important spatial relationship in GIS. The three-dimensional space can be described with the simplex model, and a complex entity can be divided into simplexes whose dimensions are equal to or less than the dimension of entity in GIS. The...
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