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To study the effect of proteases on pullulanase production, six protease-encoding genes (nprB, bpr, mpr, epr, vpr, and wprA) in the genome of Bacillus subtilis strain WS5, which already lacks the protease-encoding genes nprE and aprE, were sequentially disrupted using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. This created strains WS6–WS11, respectively. The strains WS3 (none) and WS4 (ΔnprE) were constructed earlier...
The adaptability of Web interfaces in response to changes in the interaction context, display environments (e.g., mobile screens) and user's personal preferences is becoming increasingly desirable due to the pervasive use of Web information. One of the major challenges in Web interface adaptation is to discover the semantic structure underlying a Web interface. This paper presents a robust and formal...
A high assurance system requires both functional and nonfunctional correctness before the system is put into operation. To examine whether a system's actual performance complies with the requirement, an effective reasoning and verification mechanism is needed. This paper presents a graph grammar based reverse engineering framework for the behavior verification of high assurance systems. It casts the...
This paper presents a grammar-induction based approach to partitioning a Web page into several small pages while each small page fits not only spatially but also logically for mobile browsing. Our approach proceeds in three steps: (1) using the grammar induction technique to generate a graph grammar, which formalizes design policies for presenting information in a clear and logic structure; (2) based...
Frequent patterns in program executions represent recurring sequences of events. These patterns can be used to reveal the hidden structures of a program, and ease the comprehension of legacy systems. Existing grammar-induction approaches generally use sequential algorithms to infer formal models from program executions, in which program executions are represented as strings. Software developers, however,...
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