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Estrogens are not only critical for sexual differentiation it is well-known for the role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in the adult brain modulating memory, learning, mood and acts as a neuroprotector. E2 exerts its actions through two classical receptors: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). The distribution of both receptors changes from one brain area to another, E2 being able...
Aging is associated with a reduction in metabolic functions, increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, and memory or cognitive dysfunction. With aging, a decrease in plasma estrogen levels, related to loss of gonadal function, occurs in females. Estrogens have neuroprotective effects and estradiol treatment improves some aspects of neuronal homeostasis affected by aging. In other way, recent...
Apolipoprotein D (apo D) is a lipocalin present in the nervous system that may be related to processes of reinnervation, regeneration and neuronal cell protection. On the other hand, apo D expression has been correlated, in some brain regions, with normal ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. To elucidate the regional and cellular expression of apo D in normal human brain during ageing, we performed...
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