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The atmospheres/exospheres of icy satellites greatly vary from one to the next in terms of density, composition, structure or steadiness. Titan is the only icy satellite with a dense atmosphere comparable in many ways to that of the Earth’s atmosphere. Titan’s atmosphere prevents the surface from direct interaction with the plasma environment, but gives rise to Earth-like exchanges of energy, matter...
Ground based observations of sodium escaping from Europa suggest the presence of an extended cloud of neutrals orbiting Jupiter. Using a Monte Carlo model we show that the large scale morphology differs from the sodium cloud at Io. At Europa, the trailing cloud is brighter and more extended than the leading cloud. We then use our results to consider the morphology of Europa's oxygen cloud.
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