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We review recent developments in three-dimensional photonic crystals. State of the art fabrication methods, such as layer-by-layer micromachining, self-assembly and various etching, lithographic and holographic techniques are discussed. We present an overview of optical studies of photonic band gap formation, such as reflectivity, transmission and time-resolved pulse propagation experiments. The fundamental...
We have studied enhanced backscattering of both polystyrene opals and strongly photonic crystals of air spheres in TiO 2 in the wavelength range of first and higher order stop bands. The shape of the enhanced backscattering cones is well described by diffusion theory. We find transport mean free paths of the order of 15 μm both for opals and air spheres. Close to the stop band the cone width...
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