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In order to investigate the effect of total hardness on coagulation efficiencies of Al species, different Al coagulants – conventional Al salt (AlCl 3 ), polyaluminum chloride (PAC-1) and the purified polyaluminum chloride (PAC-2) – were used to treat humic acid (HA) and kaoline clay in this study. The coagulation efficiency and coagulation kinetics were investigated by treating synthetic...
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