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A non-ionic surfactant system is synthesized by standard grafting of poly(ethylene oxide) from renewable lignin fragments and used for the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The lignin precursors are formed by hydrogenolysis and utilized as initiator for the oxyanionic polymerization of ethylene oxide leading to amphiphilic polymers, very similar to standard nonionic surfactant synthesis. Subsequently,...
In this work we studied covalently crosslinked poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles synthesized via aqueous dispersion polymerization of 1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquid monomers in the presence of a dication crosslinker. Compared to their non-crosslinked counterparts, the nanoparticles showed improved structural integrity in organic media. Assisted by cryogenic electron microscopy, these nanoparticles were...
An in-situ process for the grafting of a common poly(ionic liquid), poly(1-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), from natural cotton was developed. Unexpectedly and only found for this special morphology, the PIL coating even at a weight fraction as low as 3.4 wt%, could run accelerated activation of cotton into porous carbons at temperatures above 600 °C under nitrogen. During...
Spherical poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) nanoparticles of different size (25–70 nm) were synthesized and applied as a novel colloidal soft template for the preparation of meso- and macroporous inorganics, here exemplified with silica and its metal nanoparticle doping via nanocasting. Pore size and pore architecture can be adjusted by appropriate choice of the template and the reaction conditions. Unexpectedly,...
In recent years, polymeric/polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were found to take an enabling role in some fields of polymer chemistry and material science. PILs combine the unique properties of ionic liquids with the flexibility and properties of macromolecular architectures and provide novel properties and functions that are of huge potential in a multitude of applications, including...
Nitrogen-doped carbon particles were produced using the hydrothermal carbonization of a nitrogen-containing carbohydrate, namely glucosamine, under mild temperature conditions (180 °C) followed by further calcination under a stream of inert gas at 750 °C. The resulting materials contain significant amounts of nitrogen doping within their structure, mainly as quaternary N involved in an aromatized/graphitized...
Different synthetic pathways have been explored to synthesize polysiloxane–acrylate and polysiloxane–urethane latexes with small and narrowly distributed particle sizes, using the specific advantages of the miniemulsion approach. Besides cross-linked latexes with high siloxane content, also hybrid particles were generated.
Results on aqueous heterophase polymerization in the presence of either 1,1-diphenylethylene or water-soluble precursor polymers containing an α,p-dimer unit of 1,1-diphenylethylene are reported. The precursor polymers are bound covalently to the particles due to a special kind of chain transfer reaction showing on the one hand some features of controlled radical polymerization and leading on the...
Copolymers of 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) behave in a very special way in radical polymerization. Particularly, the behavior of MMA-DPE copolymers in radical polymerization is investigated. The results reveal that the semiquinoid structure of the precursor polymer identified in a previous contribution is activated by the attack of free radicals and thus, in a second stage polymerization with a second...
The role of 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) in radical emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate is investigated. The presence of DPE causes a strong decrease in both the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight. According to the results of structure analysis by means of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, DPE is incorporated in the copolymer...
The solid-state structures of polystyrene-poly(Z-l-lysine) block copolymers were examined with respect to the polymer architecture and the secondary structure of the polypeptide using circular dichroism, quantitative small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy. Linear block copolymers exhibit a hexagonal-in-lamellar structure where folded and packed polypeptide α-helices form lamellae...
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