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Four-level pulse-amplitude modulation signal (PAM4) is gaining more attention as an alternate coding scheme to binary modulation NRZ (Non Return to Zero) in high speed systems as the signal rate is reduced by half. Transmitter and receiver equalizations continue to play an important role with PAM4 encoding. Even though de-emphasis is a well standardized approach for equalization in NRZ, two enhancement...
The paper discusses challenges of high-speed serial links using multi-level signaling and gives comparison of the performance of the various channels with different lossy materials and equalization options. Advantages and problems of multi-level signaling are shown based on the test results.
The paper discusses current challenges and advantages of multi-level signaling for high-speed serial links, showing the differences and similarities in link-path analysis between binary and multi-level signaling. Comparison of two signaling methodologies is given from the general theory viewpoint, as well as on the basis of various tests regarding crosstalk, jitter, equalizations and different channel...
The paper discusses challenges of high-speed serial links using multi-level signaling and gives comparison of the performance of the various channels with different lossy materials and equalization options. Advantages and problems of multi-level signaling are shown based on the test results.
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