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The characteristics of structurally different fuel element simulators are presented. It is shown that an indirectly heated fuel element simulator with an auxiliary cladding has advantages over existing simulators and makes it possible to achieve heat flux densities comparable to or higher than the normal loads for VVER.
The results of development work performed on and the application of fuel-assembly models with fuel-element simulators are presented. The technical solutions which make it possible to move the simulators under heat-cycling conditions, improve the temperature regimes of the simulators, and provide simulator operating conditions close to those in a reactor are presented.
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