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Frog metamorphosis includes transition from water breathing to air breathing but the extent to which such a momentous change in behavior requires fundamental changes in the organization of the brainstem respiratory circuit is unknown. Here, we combine a vertically mounted isolated brainstem preparation, “the Sheep Dip,” with a search algorithm used in computer science, to identify essential rhombomeres...
Intermittent lung ventilation is a respiratory pattern wherein breaths occur in clusters. Intermittent lung ventilation is common in amphibians and can occur in mammals. Isolated brainstems from postmetamorphic tadpoles exhibiting episodic lung ventilatory bursts were superfused with baclofen, a potent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor agonist. At moderate concentrations (0.125 to 0.5...
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