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Brain stimulation is used to induce transient alterations of neural excitability to probe or modify brain function. For example, single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex can probe corticospinal excitability (CSE). Yet, CSE measurements are confounded by a high level of variability. This variability is due to physical and physiological factors. Navigated TMS (nTMS) systems...
Are the local hemodynamic changes in BOLD-fMRI correlated to increased or decreased neuronal activity or both? We combined transcranial electrical cortex stimulation (TES) with simultaneous fMRI and electromyographic (EMG) recording to study the influence of inhibitory and excitatory neuronal activity on the concomitant BOLD signal change. Unilateral or bilateral TES was applied with a postero-anterior...
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