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Subarctic mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests in northern Fennoscandia have shown a slight recovery from recent severe defoliation by the winter moth (Operophtera brumata). This development in trees is hypothesized to be a result of ameliorated growing conditions through increased summer temperatures. We examined if accumulated thermal sum affects the ability of mountain birches...
1. Both direct and indirect competition can have profound effects on species abundance and expansion rates, especially for a species trying to strengthen a foothold in new areas, such as the winter moth (Operophtera brumata) currently in northernmost Finland. There, winter moths have overlapping outbreak ranges with autumnal moths (Epirrita autumnata), who also share the same host, the mountain birch...
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